What are the primary risks associated with confined spaces?

The primary risks associated with confined spaces are centered around the potential for asphyxiation and the presence of hazardous atmospheres. Confined spaces often have limited ventilation, which can lead to the accumulation of harmful gases or a depletion of oxygen. Conditions in these spaces can change rapidly, making it crucial for workers to be aware of and prepared for the risks of toxic exposure and insufficient oxygen levels.

Asphyxiation can occur when there is not enough oxygen to support human life, or when harmful gases displace oxygen in the environment. In addition, confined spaces can harbor flammable or explosive atmospheres due to the presence of volatile substances. Understanding these risks emphasizes the need for appropriate safety measures, such as continuous monitoring of air quality and the use of personal protective equipment.

The other options, while they address various risks in different environments, do not capture the critical dangers typically faced in confined spaces, where asphyxiation and hazardous atmospheres are paramount concerns.